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Appendix

LIST OF ALL TREE (IBITI) AND OTHER PLANT SPECIES CULTIVATED ON THE SAMPLE FARMS IN THE COMMUNES OF KARAMA AND MARABA

EXOTIC TREE AND OTHER PLANT SPECIES

LOCAL NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

1.

Euphorbia cotinifolia

2.

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius

3.

Prunus salicifolia

4. Amacunga

Citrus sinensis/ C. aurantium vulgare

5. Amapera

Psidium guajava

6. Avoka

Persea gratissima

7. Calliandra

Calliandra calothyrsus

8. Callitrisi

Callitris sp.

9. Cassiya

Cassia spectabilis

10. Casuarina/umubunda

Casuarina cunninghamia

11. Gereverya

Grevillea robusta

12. Icyayi

Camellia thea

13. Igifenesi (jacquier)

Artocarpus integrifolia

14. I kawa

Coffea arabica

15. Ikinyomoro/itunda

Cyphomandra betacea

16. Indimu

Citrus limon

17. Inturusu/intusi

Eucalyptus sp.

18. Ipapaya

Carica papaya

19. Ipapaya y'umusozi

Carica cundinamarcensis

20. Isederera

Cedrela serrata

21. Jacaranda

Jacaranda mimosifolia

22. Lesena

Leucaena leucocephala/L. diversifolia

23. Mandarine

Citrus reticulata

24. Pinusi/umubunda

Pinus sp.

25. Seremoliya

Annona cherimola

26. Umudwedwe

Plumeria alba

27. Umukunde/Itenderwa

Cajanus cajan, c. indicus

28. Umunoferiya

Eriobotrya japonica

29. Umutima w'imfizi

Annona reticulata

30. Umuzonibari

Cupressus /usitanica

31. Umwembe

Mangifera indica

32.

Dovyalis caffra

INDIGENOUS TREE AND OTHER PLANT SPECIES

LOCAL NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

33. Akaziraruguma

Begonia meyeri johanni

34. Amadwedwe

Euphorbia grantii

35. Bambuwa

Coryza sumatrensis

36. Barakatsi

Acacia mearnsii

37. Bugangabukare

Hygrophila auriculata

38. Iboberi

Morus alba

39. Icyicamahirwe

Tithonia sp.

40. lcyuyuyu

Pavonia urens

41. lcyumwa

Trichodesma zeylanicum

42. Idaforoma

Vinca rosea

43. Idoma

Vernonia aenulans

44. Igicucu

Manihot glaziovii

45. Igicumucumu

Botriocline ugandensis

46. Igicunshu

Coleus kilimandschari

47. Igihungeri

Protea madiensis

48. Igihondohondo

Dracaena steudneri

49. Igikakarubamba

Aloe dawei

50. Igikakarubamba kizungu/taburini

Aloe sp.

51. Igikamba/itabi

Nicotianum tabacum

52. Igisura

Urtica dioica

53. Igitabitabi

Nicotianum tabacum (wild tobacco)

54. Igitenetene

Kalanchoe sp.

55. Igitoborwa

Solanum capsicoides

56. Igitotsi

Blumea alata (syn lagera)

57. Igiturabuguma

Hibiscus diversifolius

58. Igitovu

Acanthus pubescens

59. Ikararambwe

Rubia cordifolia

60. Ikegera

Senecio ladiensis

61. Ikibonobono

Ricinus communs

62. Ikibonobono

Psychotria sp.

63. Ikigwarara

Berkheya spekeana

64. Ikiha/umuduha

Euphorbia candelabrum

65. Ikimungu

Opuntia vulgaris/O. ficus indica

66. Ikinyankurwe

C/erondendrum fuscum/johnstonii

67. Ikinyondonyondo

Kalanchoe sp.

68. Ikizimyamuliro

Guizotia scabra

69. Ikiziranyenzi

Clerondendrum rotundifolium

70. Ikura

unidentified sp.

71. Imbabazi

Microg/ossa pyrifolia

72. Indarama

unidentified sp.

73. Inkeli/umukeli

Rubus rigidus

74. Intobo

Solanum aculeastrum

75. Intoryi

Solanum melongena

76. Inyabarasanya

Bidens pilosa

77. Inzirane

Cassia floribunda

78. Iralire

Senecio stuhlmannii (syn. cydonifolia)

79 Ireke/Iginetenete

Kalanchoe beniensis

80. Isonga

Ocimum americanum

81. Kamenamaseke

Polygala luteo-viridis

82. Kavunjahomo/akavunjahoma

Chenopodium ambrosioides

83. Mahuru

Leptactina platyphilla

84. Magaru

Hypoestes verticillaris

85. Nyirakayenzi

unidentified sp.

86. Quinquina

Cinchona sp.

87. Rubamba

Sanseveria sp.

88. Rubilika

unidentified sp.

89. Ubuhandanzovu

Tribulus terrestris

90. Ubutwiko

Helichrysum fruticosum

91. Umubazi

Monechma subsessile (epiphyte)

92. Umubilizi

Vernonia amygdalina

93. Umubogora

Cissus quadrangularis

94. Umucaca

Cynodon aethiopicus/C. ulemfuensis

95. Umucucu

Solanum incanum

96. Umucundura

Triumfetta sp.

97. Umucyuro

Cassia didymobotrya

98. Umufatangwe

Ceasalpina decapetala

99. Umufumba

Ekebergia capensis

100. Umufumbageshi

Balthasaria schliebenüvar. intermedia

101. Umuganashya

Cussonia ho/stii

102. Umugasa

Toddalia asiatica

103. Umugano

Arundinaria alpina

104. Umugombe

Chenopodium ugandae

105. Umugote

Syzygium parviflorum

106. Umugwamporo/umuboboli

Trema orientalis

107. Umuhanga

Maesa lanceolata

108. Umuharakuku

Rhyndosia hirta

109. Umuhashya

Dalbergia lactea

110. Umuhati

Dracaena afromontana

111. Umuhati kizungu (has red leaves)

Dracaena afromontana?

112. Umuhatu

Pavonia patens

113. Umuhe

Clerondendrum fuscum

114. Umuhengeli/irandani

Lantana camara

115. Umuhikakiza

unidentified sp.

116. Umuhokoro

Mikaniopsis tedlei

117. Umuhombo

Ficalhoa laurifolia

118. Umuhuhu/gapeli

Physalis peruviana

119. Umuhuhwe

Croton dichogamus

120. Umuhumuro

Maesopsis eminii

121. Umukamambogo

unidentified sp.

122. Umukaragata

Embelia schimperi

123. Umukiryi

Virectaria major

124. Umuko

Erythrina abyssinica

125. Umukobe

Ficus sp.

126. Umukoni

Synadenium grantii

127. Umukoni kizungu (has red leaves)

Synadenium compactum

128. Umukonora

Gloriosa simplex

129. Umukorokombe

Grewia similis

130. Umugosora

Verbena officinalis

131. Umukubayoka

Cassia floribunda

132. Umukumbuguru

Clerondendrum buchholzii

133. Umukurazo

Vernonia hochstetteri

134. Umukuzanyana

Clerondendrum myricoïdes

135. Umulyawabasaza

unidentified sp.

136. Umumenamabuye

Pavetta ternifolia

137. Umumeya

Albertisia exelliana

138. Umunanira

Rhamnus prinoides

139. Umunkamba

Clematis sinensis/C. hirsuta

140. Umuno

Clausena anisata

141. Umunyegenyege

Sesbania sesban/S. macrantha

142. Umunyinya

Acacia sieberiana

143. Umuravumba

Tetradenia riparia

144. Umurehe

Ficus vallis-choudae

145. Umurerabana

Vernonia adoensis

146. Umuretezo

Anisopappus africanus

147. Umurogora/umukaka

Bersama abyssinica

148. Umuryogera

Crotalaria recta

149. Umuruku

Tephrosia vogelii.

150. Umusagara

Rhus vulgaris

151. Umusange

Entada abyssinica

152. Umusarenda

Triumfetta cordifolia

153. Umusasa

Sapium ellipticum

154. Umusave

Markhamia lutea

155. Umusebe

Cassia floribunda

156. Umusebeya

Albizia sp.

157.Umusekera

Macaranga neomilbreadiana

158. Umusena/umuseno

Ficus asperifolia

159. Umusene

Dasylepis racemosa

160. Umushubi'

Maytenus sp./Dovyalis sp.

161. Umushunshu

Solanum incanum

162. Umusororo

Indigofera erecta

163. Umutagara

Senecio mannii

164. Umutagarasoryo

Solanum anguivi/S. indicum

165. Umutakaforo

unidentified sp.

166. Umutarishonga

Cluytia abyssinica

167. Umutinsyi

Erytrococca bongensis

168. Umutobotobo

Solanum aculeastrum

169. Umutozo

Hibiscus fuscus

170. Umuturirwa

Waltheria indica

171. Umuturuturu

Schefflera goetzenii

172. Umuvumo

Vernonia sp.

173. Umuvumu/gasuru

Ficus thonningii

174. Umuyenzi

Euphorbia tirucalli

175. Umuyogera/kayogera

Crotalaria incana sp. purpurescens

176. Umuyogoro

Millettia dura

177. Umuyoka

Cassia occidentalis

178. Umuzabibu

unidentified sp. [raisin]

179. Umuzibaziba

Mitragyne rubrostipulata

180. Umwamira

Terminalia mollis?

181. Umwange

Senecio angulatus

182. Umwanzuranya

Vernonia smithiana

183. Umwenya

Ocimum suave

184. Umwisheke

Chenopodium ambrosoïdes

185. Umwumba

Prunus africana

186. Umwungo

Polyscias fulva

187. Uruberwa

Hibiscus cannabinus

188. Urubingo

Pennisetum purpureum

189. Uruhehe

Botriocline longipes

190. Uruheza

Phyllanthus niruri

191. Urukwamo

Pennisetum sp.

192. Urusayura

Thunbergia alata

193.Urusenda

Capsicum frutescens

Glossary

French words

Agronome de commune

municipal agricultural officer

Banque Populaire

workers bank

Cellule

neighbourhood

Colline

hill

Commune

municipality

Conseiller

municipal counsellor, alderman

Foyer Social

Social Centre

Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne

Young Christian Workers (Catholic youth organization)

Préfecture

prefecture, province

Secteur

district

Kinyarwanda words

Amashyamba

 

woodlots

Bintu

things

Kintu

being without intelligence; thing

Ibiti

trees

Igerageza

experiment

Igishonyi

light coloured chalk soils mixed with mica

Igiti

tree

Imirima

crop fields

Ingo

home compounds

Intoki

banana plantations

Ishyamba

woodlot

Rugo

home compound

Ubumenyi

knowledge, experience, science

Umurima

crop field

Urutoki

banana plantation

Urwagwa

banana beer

Urwuri

permanent pasture

Inombe

red, lateritic soil more clayey and

 

heavier than urunombe red, lateritic soil

Mugugu

heavy clay soil

Umusenga

sandy soils, but with better

 

water retention than urusenyi

Urusenyi

sandy soils

Urubuye

coarse, gravelly sand soil

Urunombe

red, lateritic soil

Definition of terms

Indigenous: "Existing, growing or produced naturally in a region or country; innate, inherent, inborn." (Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, Second College Edition, 1986). Tree species that are native and naturally occurring in the study areas.

Endogenous: "Developing from within, originating internally." (Webster's New World Dictionary, 1986). Used to describe the nature of farmers' knowledge that is developed from within a local social system (ethnic group, people with a defined geographical or biophysical area) and based on that system's beliefs, values and norms, and definitions of problems and acceptable solutions.

Exogenous: All knowledge that comes from outside the local social system, i.e. from people from different geographic areas, different ethnic groups, or from (formal) research and extension. While researchers and extensionists could belong to the local social group, the knowledge they possess and advocate is (for the most part and in most cases) not based on the belief, meanings and values of the social group, but is derived from elsewhere. Thus, researchers and extensionists represent and belong to an exogenous (namely the scientific) knowledge system.

Scientific: Knowledge and technologies that are developed using scientific methods, i.e. inductive and deductive reasoning, hypotheses testing, controlled experiments. This research was carried out in two phases with different groups of farmers who are distinguished as informants, tree experts, consultants and comparison farmers. Each of these terms is described below.

Informants: The first phase of the research concerned the identification of farmers within the community deemed the most knowledgeable about trees and tree cultivation in the eyes of their fellow farmers. A variation of the wealth ranking game was used to extract information from a sample of farmers about the knowledge of other community members. The participants in the ranking game are the informants.

Tree experts: The farmers who know a lot about trees and tree cultivation are considered "experts" by their fellow farmers. It would be wrong to call them "expert farmers", as a number of farmers referred to as tree experts were not thought of very highly regarding their farming skills.

Comparison farmers: Farmers who practice agroforestry and have knowledge about trees and tree cultivation that is different from the agroforestry systems and agroforestry knowledge of tree experts. This group of farmers was chosen to represent the general farm population for comparison with tree experts, in terms of education, socioeconomic and political factors, access to resources, etc.

Consultants or farmer-consultants: The term is used to refer to all farmers (both tree experts and comparison farmers together) who participated in the second phase of the study. These farmers acted as teachers for the researcher and his assistants, provided services, expert advice and helped explain their agroforestry systems, their underlying knowledge and the processes behind the generation of this knowledge.

The objective of studies of endogenous knowledge is to show that farmers do have knowledge, are actively engaged in research to develop this knowledge and can be experts in specialized fields just as people who have formal education and training based on scientific principles. If it is accepted that farmers have important contributions to make to development, and if they are considered equal participants in technology development, they should be treated as such and referred to with the same words.

Acronyms and abbreviations

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