Community Forestry Field Manual 1: GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING, MONITORING AND EVALUATING COOKSTOVE PROGRAMMES
prepared by Stephen Joseph, edited and designed by Carla R.S. Koppell
FAO, Rome 1990

Appendices

Indicators that measure level of participation:

Indicators to assess the effectiveness of an extension programme:

Other indicators to assess whether the stove has reduced the amount of fuel used in the household:

Other indicators to assess the impact on the household:

Certain questions need to be asked to provide the basis for this monitoring and evaluation. During the programme's implementation, participants have to examine and discuss a range of issues related to the energy, health employment and housing needs, the design of the stove, its acceptability and its dissemination. They need baseline information, before the initiation of a project, as a basis for comparison . Questions that need to be asked are:

1. Do people feel that improvement in the kitchen environment, reduction in fuel consumption and increase in fuel supply are high priority?
2. Are people dissatisfied with their current stove and if so why? What features do they like about their existing stove?
3. What is the performance of the existing stoves?
4. What resources and skills are locally available to build the stoves?
5. What social, cultural, economic and geographical factors other than stove design are likely to influence adoption of a new stove?

To answer all of these questions in some depth it is necessary to collect the information that is listed below. The answers to question 1 will indicate who wants to be involved in stove programmes and why. The answers to questions 2, 3 and 4 will help to establish design criteria and the answers to question 5 will assist in the development of the plan of action to carry out the field test programme.

Information to construct a community profile, determine if stove programmes are viable and develop design guidelines.

These different types of information needs can be broken down more specifically to form the Initial Needs Identification Survey.

1. Environment
   What is the:
   • position of community compared to towns, other villages, road, mountains, open land, forests?
   • altitude?
   • rainfall patterns?
   • seasonal variations in climatic condition?
   • time of year assessment is conducted?
   • types of land use (arable fields, grazing land, homestead, waste land, forests, plantations
   • population and density) and how it compares with other areas
   • amount of land that falls into each category
2. Socio-economic
   • What are the community members' different types of employment, where do they work? (This includes agriculture, industry and petty commodity trading.)Does employment vary throughout the year?
   • What are the conditions of land ownership and of access to the different community members?
   • In the purchase and sale of food, goods and services, is the community integrated into the regional market system?
   • What is the general level of education?
   • What is the status of women, their role in decision making?
   • What types of transportation are available?
3. Community structure
   • What are the different groups in the community and how do they interact with each other (different languages and jobs and little interaction, landlord/tenant, high caste/low caste, large landowners/small landowners, followers of different political parties, all participants in village communal system, etc)?
   • Who are the influential groups and people in the village, what role do they play in village politics, economy, introduction and promotion of new ideas, etc.?
   • Which local government officials work in the community, what work do they do? What organizations exist in the community, what are their functions?
   • Which non-governmental outside organizations have contact with the community? What do they do?
4. Assessment of extension and local community development organizations
   • What innovations have the organizations or institutions tried to introduce?
   • Why have people adopted or rejected the innovation?
   • What are the characteristics of the people who initially adopted the innovation?
   • Did other groups adopt the innovation at a later stage, why?
   • Is there a two-way flow of information between extension workers and adopters (e.g. do the adopters feed back information on problems they are encountering with the innovation? Have the extension workers established a trusting relationship with the adopters? How often do the extension workers meet with the adopters, where do they meet?)
   • Do the extension workers pass on information to their supervisors and resource people? Do the resource people react to this information by providing problem solving solutions? Do the supervisors help extension workers overcome the problems they encounter? Does the extension worker communicate with all sections of the community, not just the wealthier groups or their own immediate family and friends? Are there cultural norms that may prevent free flow of information (e.g. promotion depends on presenting an optimistic picture of success)? Who receives training and how is it carried out? Does the sex of the extension worker determine to whom she or he may speak in a family? (Joseph et al 1951)
5. Patterns of fuel collection/purchase
   • Where is the fuel acquired?
   • How much is collected, how much bought?
   • Who collects?
   • How often do they go, how long does a trip take?
   • How much fuel is brought each time, per week, per month?
   • What kind of fuel is used? What are the preferred species?
   • Does fuel vary during the year: type, moisture, size?
   • Is fuel stored?
   • Do they split the wood before using it?
6. Characteristics and functions of the fireplace
   • Where is the fireplace - raised platform, floor, inside, outside?
   • What is the kitchen like: entrance, size, ventilation, lighting, storage?
   • What is the fireplace made of?
   • Where does the smoke go?
   • Why do they have this type of fireplace?
   • Who built it? How old is it?
   • Who repairs and cleans it?
   • How much does it cost?
   • How long does it take to build?
   • If they had the money or time, would they change the fireplace, the kitchen?
   • What do they like/dislike about it?
   • Are there any rites associated with the stove's construction or use?
   • Where does the lighting come from?
   • What are the functions of the fireplace: cooking meals, what kind, when, how many pots are used, how much food is made and how is that food prepared?
   • When is water boiled?
   • Is the fireplace used to heat the house, when?
   • Is it used as a source of light, when?
   • How is the fire started?
   • Is it restarted during the day, or does it smoulder all day?
   • Who tends the fire, cooks the food?
   • Do men or children also tend at certain times?
   • Are there special occasions when the fireplace is used differently?
7. Pots and utensils
   • What types of pots are used for the main dish, side dishes?
   • Are special pots used for tea, boiling water, frying, roasting?
   • Measure and draw pictures of the different pots.
8. Kitchen economics
   • The cost of food/day or month.
   • The cost of fuel/day or month.
   • The cost of traditional fireplaces or stoves and pots.
   • The cost of a kitchen building.
   • The cost of existing kitchen improvements.
   • The income of the household.
   • The minimum/average daily wage.
9. Kitchen layout
   • What is/are the shape(s) and dimensions of the kitchen(s)?
   • What materials are used to construct the walls and ceiling?
   • How many kitchens are there, where are they located? What are the functions performed by the kitchen - cooking, sleeping, socialising, storing, crop processing?
   • Who makes the decision to build a new kitchen
10. Needs
    • Is fuelwood collection considered a burden to the family or do women enjoy the opportunity it gives to socialise (Hoskins 1979). If it is considered a burden, is it one of the most urgent of basic needs that they would like to improve upon (or are water, health, extra income or social status more important?)
    • What are the design criteria of potential adopters for a new stove? Should the new stove:
      
      cook faster?
      save fuel?
      dry crops, wood or kitchen-ware that has been washed?
      smoke fish?
      bake?
      warm the house?
      provide light?
      provide a platform on which to prepare food?
      be off the ground?
      be attractive?
      be portable or fixed?
    • Is there a requirement for more than one stove in some households?
    • Would potential adopter(s) be willing to purchase or build their own stove? Would they allow an artisan to build or install a stove in their kitchen? It can also be useful to get an indication of the price and time the user would spend to acquire a new stove (Joseph et al 1981).
11. Resource materials
    • What is availability and quality and cost of:
      clay?
      sand?
      metal?
      cement?
      clay additives: vermiculite, diatomite, mica and soapstone?
    • Who owns the deposits/supply?
    • How easy are they to mine or process? To transport?
12. Manufacturers
    • What are the techniques used in the production process (e.g. pottery wheels, kilns, metal-bending machines)?
    • What is the social organization of the production process (i.e. how is supply, production and marketing organized)?
    • What are the social relations of production (the relationship between labour and capital)?
    • What is the nature of the relationship between artisans, company directors, material suppliers and retailers?
    • What are the investment and working capital, income and/or profit margin; the output per person, the capacity utilisation of the equipment and the availability of further investment capital?

The information that is gathered through the Initial Needs Identification Survey is used at different times throughout the life of the programme. Different types of information can be used in a variety of ways.

(Division of Community Forestry, Nepal 1984)

The numbers correlate with the questions.

(Sri Lanka 1982)

1. Village

   
   

2. Observer

   
   

3. Household's name

   
   

4. Number of people:

   adults

   children

   infants

   
   

5. Stove type

   
   

6. Age of stove, when built

   
   

7. Builder: stove project staff, hired worker, neighbour, owner?

   
   

8. Cleaning and repairing

   Cleanliness:

   outside

   inside

   External cracks:

   repaired

   Firebox tunnel cracks:

   repaired

   Door cracks:

   repaired

   Erosion:

   repaired

   
   

9. Stove warm or cold

   
   

10. Use of stove:

    cooking all meals and tea

    cooking most meals and tea

    cooking meals only

    cooking some meals and tea

    cooking few meals or tea

    no use

    
    

11. User acceptance:

    totally satisfied

    satisfied with minor problems

    dissatisfied

    
    

12. Measurements

    Door:

    high

    wide

    Air vents:

    front

    back

    Firebox:

    high

    wide

(Division of Community Forestry, Nepal 1984)

Comments/Remarks

If the new stove is not frequently being used for some purpose, why isn't it being used?

What suggestion for improving the stove design or installation does the respondent have?

Other comments:

Question notes

3. Main cook's name usually refers to the woman of the household who does most of the actual cooking and uses the stove most. She is the one to whom the questions should be addressed.

5. Months installed refers to the total time elapsed since the new stove was installed, e.g. 1.6 years = 18 months.

9. "Regular number of household members" refers to the total number of people for whom food is regularly cooked in the household including servants.

11. "Present use of new stoves" refers to whether the new stove is being used at all. If it is presently being used, even if very little, then code (0) should be answered. Later questions will determine the amount of use.

12 and 13.These questions should only be asked of households in which the new stove is not currently being used, i.e. where the answers to Q. 11 was (1). After answering these questions, skip to Q. 25 and continue the questionnaire from there. If the new stove has been totally removed, write "IMPROVED STOVE REMOVED" near Q.25 and skip to Q. 49.

14-24 These are the most important variables to be measured in the survey. The answers should be carefully obtained and, if possible, cross checked with other members of the household. If the last week was unusual (i.e. wedding, festival, etc.) then the last normal week should be used to answer this question. Note that if the traditional stove has been removed (9) code should be put in box 20-24

34 This question requires checking the measurements of the stove and comparing it to the ordered standard. For the 1983 insert stove this standard is given in the drawings in the stove installation manual. Deviations of up to 1 cm. can be considered within tolerance limits and coded in "(0) within tolerance limits". Differences of 1 to 2 cm should be coded as "(1) slightly exceeds limits". Any errors in stove dimensions (unless properly modified by the user -- see question 38) should be coded as "(2) greatly exceeds limits".

36 "Good or bad stove and chimney location" refers to both social and physical factors. Bad location (code 1) includes stoves installed in the wrong room or the wrong location within a room as well as chimney placement into the wind etc.

38 If the household has modified or rebuilt the stove, code "(19) yes" and describe what the changes were and why there was a change on the last page - with drawing if possible.

39 - 48 All the answers for these questions should be estimated in kg per week. Since these estimates are difficult to obtain and subject to considerable error, the surveyor should be careful to write down the user's best estimate. The purpose is not to measure exactly how much fuelwood is being used, but to obtain the user's perceptions of fuel use. Usually the question will have to be asked in two or three different ways using local units of measurements and then converted into percentages and kg per week. (Note 1 dharni =2.2 kg)

49-55 As with the previous questions on fuel use, all of these questions seek to find out the new stove user's attitudes towards and perceptions of the new stove - even if the surveyor may disagree. It is important that these questions be asked of the main cook/stove user.

57 The surveyor should not ask this question, but estimate the economic status of the household by the presence or absence of physical indicators such as size of house, number of cooking utensils, ownership of radio, bicycle, number of livestock, salaried employment, etc..

Comments

Note all comments that may help the programme design a better stove or have a better extension/distribution system. Especially note any ideas from the user on how to improve the stove.

(Dian Desa Programme 1983)

Number of respondent ......................................
Name of respondent .........................................
Category of respondent :

1. traditional stove user
2. sae pottery stove user
3. traditional and Sae stove user
4. ex-Sae pottery stove user.

Village :...................................
District :......................................
When interviewed : ...............................
Interviewer notes : ................................................................................................

Name of interviewer...................................
Approved by.....................................

I. Identity of respondent:

1. Position in the family:
   1. wife
   2. head of family
   3. children
   4. others (specify...)
2. Educational level of respondent:
   1. illiterate / never going to school
   2. primary school, not finished (or equal)
   3. primary school, finished (or equal)
   4. secondary school, not finished (or equal)
   5. secondary school, finished (or equal)
   6. high school, not finished (or equal)
   7. high school, finished (or equal)
   8. academy/university, not finished(or equal)
   9. academy/university, finished (or equal)
   10. others (specify....)
3. Total number of family members...............
4. Profession of

   	main profession	others
   1. head of family
   2. wife (respondent)
   Codes:	1.labourer / worker	2.farmer
   	3. skilled worker	4.merchant
   	5. teacher	6. gov't official / army (except head of village)
   	7. village official	8.religious leader

II. Economic condition of family

5. Status of the house they live in:
   1. 'ngindung', use / live in other people's house without paying / freely in special condition. This system is based on traditional Jawanese culture.
   2. rent
   3. owned by their parent(s)
   4. their own house
6. Kind of material used for the wall of the house
   1. bamboo weave
   2. half brick wall
   3. wood
   4. brick wall
7. Kind of material used for the floor:
   1. soil
   2. cement
   3. floor tile
   4. wood
8. Lighting:
   1. small kerosine lamp
   2. big kerosine lamp
   3. pressure kerosine
   4. electricity
9. Goods:
   1. set of table and chair
   2. radio
   3. tape recorder
   4. bicycle
   5. television
   6. motorcycle
   7. car
10. Total area of the house..............
11. Total amount of land they own:
    1. .............................yard m²/ha
    2. .............................dry field m²/ha
    3. .............................paddy field m²/ha

III. Kitchen situation

12. Kind of stove(s) used (answer could be more than one)
    1. kerosine stove
    2. charcoal stove
    3. traditional wood pottery single stove
    4. traditional stone stove
    5. traditional mud stove
    6. Sae pottery stove
13. Types of kitchen utensils used everyday

    	diameter
    whistling pot	...............
    aluminium pot	...............
    pottery pot	...............
    wok	...............
    copper steam rice pot	...............
    boiling rice pot	...............
    aluminium steam rice pot	...............

14. Has respondent ever:

    	yes	no
    a.heard about Sae stove.
    b. seen a Sae stove.
    c. used a Sae stove.

15. If yes, from whom?
    1. neighbour
    2. village official
    3. village cadre
    4. training / demonstration / promotion
    5. others (specify ........)
16. If respondent has ever used a Sae stove, does he/she still use it now .
    1. yes
    2. no

III Questions for both user and non-user respondents
(If they have used both Sae and traditional stoves, all questions apply to the Sae stove)

17. Name, type and model of the stove used.
18. How did respondent obtain the stove ?
    1. made it
    2. bought
    3. received it free (from whom ....)
19. If respondent made the stove, please specify:
    1. who made the stove .....
    2. kind of material used ..
    3. were the materials easy to get
    4. how much money was spent
    5. how long did it take to build.
20. If respondent bought the stove, where was it bought?

    1. 	price
       market local shop retailer producer

    2. Who decided to buy the stove?
       1. wife .
       2. husband
       3. others (specify......)
21. How far is it from your house to the location of the stove ...........m / km (choose one)
22. Is it easy to get a Sae stove in the village ?
    1. easy
    2. difficult
23. If it is easy, where can people can get one when they need one?

    place .........., distance ...........m / km

24. If it is difficult, where can one be bought when the stove is broken ?

    place ........., distance ............m / km

    Perception of the stove being used.

25. Price
    1. How much does the stove cost .......?
    2. The stove was :
       1. very cheap.
       2. cheap.
       3. fairly cheap.
       4. expensive.
       5. very expensive.
26. Durability
    1. When did you start using that stove,..months/years ago?
    2. How durable does the stove seem?
       1. very durable
       2. durable
       3. fairly durable
       4. not durable
       5. very easy to break
    3. If it is not durable enough, how is it made more durable ?..................
    4. What is the stove's condition at the moment?
       1. good
       2. broken, but still working and being used
27. Fuel consumption
    1. wood used each day for cooking,.........bundle/kg
       (or equal with the money of Rp........)
    2. In the respondent's opinion, the level of wood consumption indicates:
       1. high efficiency.
       2. efficiency.
       3. fair efficiency.
       4. inefficiency.
       5. completely inefficiency.
28. Smoke
    1. Is the stove producing a lot of smoke ?
       1. no, just a little
       2. yes, a lot.
    2. Is the smoke disturbing you?
       1. not at all
       2. a bit
       3. fairly disturbing
       4. disturbing
       5. very disturbing
    3. Is the smoke used?
       1. yes (for what purpose.......)
       2. no
29. Which stove is more convenient for the respondent- a single hole stove or a two hole stove?
    Please explain.

    
    

30. Does the stove that is being used meet the respondent's needs ?

    
    

31. If not, why not. What kind of stove is needed ?

    
    

32. Why doesn't the respondent have/use the preferred type of stove?

    
    

33. How many times a day is the stove used? What is cooked?

    	morning	noon	afternoon	evening
    kind of food

34. Has respondent ever used another kind of stove?
    1. no (go to No. 41)
    2. yes, specify .....
    3. kind of shiftment:
       1. change stove type(the old stove is. not in use anymore)
       2. added a new stove(still use another stove as well)
35. Why was a new stove added/substituted?

    
    

36. When was it substituted/added? .........months/years ago.
37. What are the differences between the old and new stoves ?

    	old	new
    price
    durability
    fuel consumption
    smoke
    speed of cooking

38. Which stove does the respondent prefer/find more beneficial?
    1. the old stove
    2. the new stove
    3. same.
39. What shape of wood is usually used?
    1. split wood
    2. twigs / shrubs
    3. mixed
    4. others (specify...)
40. What kind of wood is used most often (ie.acacia, caliandra,...)?
41. Where is the wood from?
    1. collect
    2. buy
    3. sometimes buy, sometimes collect.
42. If wood is collected:
    1. Is there
       1. a special time to collect?
       2. a special amount of time needed to collect .............hours/day?
    2. How often is wood collected?
       1. everyday
       2. every two days
       3. every three days
       4. other, specify ..
    3. What distance is travelled to collect the wood? ...................m/ km?
    4. How much wood is collected each time?........bundle / hook / kg(choose one), value in Rp......
43. If wood is bought:
    1. Where is it usually purchased?
       1. shop Rp................/...
       2. market Rp............./...
       3. retailer Rp............/...
    2. How often is wood bought?
       1. every day
       2. every 2 day
       3. every 3 day
       4. every week
       5. every month
       6. depend on the need.
    3. What distance is travelled to buy wood, .........m /km?
    4. How much is bought each time .........bundle/kg?
    5. How many hours does it take to buy....?

IV Questions for non-user respondents

44. Has respondent ever used Sae pottery stove?
    1. no
    2. yes (go to No.49)
45. If no, why not? (could be more than one answer)
    1. didn't know about Sae stove
    2. nobody sells Sae stoves
    3. didn't know where to buy one
    4. difficult to get
    5. easy to break
    6. does not fit with my kitchenware
    7. expensive
    8. others (specify)
46. Does respondent know people in this village that use Sae stoves?
    1. yes
    2. nobody uses one in this village
    3. respondent doesn't know

V Questions for ex-users respondents

47. Why did respondent stop using the Sae stove ?
    1. nobody sells them
    2. didn't know where to get a replacement
    3. difficult to get
    4. easy to break
    5. did not fit with kitchenware
    6. expensive
    7. others (specify)
48. If someone begins to sell the Sae stove, will respondent want to buy one?
    1. yes
    2. no
49. If no, what is the reason?
50. In respondent's opinion, does the shape and measurement of the Sae stove fit his/her needs?
    1. yes it fits
    2. no
51. If no, have respondent explain and suggest improvements.

VI Questions for Sae stove user respondents

52. The Sae stove that is being used at the moment, is number ...............
53. Is this Sae stove used everyday / everytime things are cooked ?
    1. yes
    2. no
54. If no, what are the reasons. When is it used and for what ?
55. Has the respondent's Sae stove been modified (i.e. plastered with mud.......)?
    1. yes
    2. no
56. If the Sae stove has been modified, what kind of modifications have been done ?
57. Why were these modifications made?
58. In respondent's opinion, which one is better, the Sae stove or some other common type of stove?
    1. common stove
    2. Sae stove
    3. same (no opinion)
59. Does respondent think that Sae stove meets the respondent's needs ?
    1. yes
    2. no
60. If no, have respondent explain.

The Kitchen Performance Test (KTP) measures the relative rate of fuelwood consumption by two stoves as they are used in the normal household environment. It is a prolonged test conducted with the willing cooperation of individual families. Compared with the previously described tests, the results of the KTP can provide the most reliable indication of stove performance under actual household conditions. However, because of the large effort involved, it is normally conducted only after the more controlled tests have been completed.

The primary objectives of the KPT are:

1. to study the impact of a new stove on overall household energy use (Procedural Note 1); and
2. to demonstrate the fuel-saving potential of a new stove in the household, and to suggest correct operating practices.

Variations of the Kitchen Performance Test may also be used in conjunction with a stove dissemination program (Procedural Note 2) or as part of a survey of household energy use (Procedural Note 3).

Kitchen Performance Tests should be carried out by an investigator who is trained to follow instructions, is motivated to do so, and has certain basic numeric skills.

Equipment

A balance for measuring fuelwood.

Forms for recording data and calculations

Pots, etc., to be supplied by household

Procedure

1. Select the households that are to participate in the test (Procedural Note 4). Explain to family members the purpose of the test, and arrange to measure their fuelwood each day. Encourage the family to use only a single stove throughout the test.
2. Gather any needed information about each participating household. For example, determine the sex and age of each person who is served meals. Use this information to calculate the number of standard adults served (Procedural Note 5). Ask about the approximate cost of the fuelwood used, in terms of either money spent or time needed to collect it. Finally, collect any other information that may help interpret the final data (Procedural Note 6).
3. Define an inventory area for fuel consumption measurement. Any fuel entering or leaving this area must be accounted for (Procedural Note 7). Weigh each different type of wood and other fuels in the inventory area. Estimate or measure the moisture content of the wood (Technical Note 4).
4. Define a testing period of seven consecutive days. If it is not possible to measure for seven days, measure for at least five days. Stop and start at the same hour each day (Procedural Note 8).
5. Visit the household at least daily, if possible, without being intrusive. Weigh wood remaining in the inventory area, and add to it if necessary. Inquire about the number of people being served each day, and confirm that the stove is operating properly.
6. Compile the results at the end of eight days. Calculate specific daily consumption for each household, and the mean and standard deviation. Compare the results with those from households using other stoves.
7. Inform participating families of the results, and thank them for their cooperation.

Figure 1: Data and calculation form

Household No. ___________ Family name_____________________________________
Location ________________________________________

(C) Total wood added to inventory:___kg
(D) Total wood consumed: C-B = ______kg
(E) Test duraton: _______days
Specific daily consumption: D/A/E = ________

* This is an example of a form to be used for each participating household.

Figure 2: Test series reporting form

Organisation conduction tests_________________________________________
Address____________________________________________________
Names of stoves compared: (1)_______________________(2)_______________________
Testing location___________________________________________________________
Testing period________(months)______________(year) Name of test supervisor_______________

Specific daily consumption: t-value =____________at __________% level of confidence and ___________ degrees of freedom.
(Attach a full description of both stove models tested)
* This is an example of a form used to summarise and report results from a series of two stoves being compared.

Procedural notes for the kitchen performance test

1. The introduction of new stove may alter the amount and type of cooking done in the household. For example, the result may be a substantial improvement in the well-being of the family, but make little change in overall fuel use. Or it may be that a fire enclosed within the stove provides so little light that it becomes necessary to use a kerosene lamp.
2. It may be tempting to use the results of the KPT to estimate the fuel saving potential of a new stove before it is widely accepted and used. For this purpose, however, the test would have to be greatly expanded to include:
   • many more households, carefully selected to be representative of the regional population;
   • a period of time that included all major seasons;
   • a study of stove deterioration rates and repair records;
   • an economic analysis demonstrating the economic effectiveness of the stove to both users and producers.
3. A survey of cooking practices to determine current local cooking procedures, foods cooked and eaten, types of stoves used etc., is a useful starting point for the development of improved cookstoves. The survey may be accompanied in a number of households by a measurement of all the fuel that is used for cooking, such as is involved in the KPT.

   Later, new stoves can be built in these same households, and another KPT may be carried out after the households have had an opportunity to get acquainted with the new stoves. At that time the KPT may be accompanied by a user survey to determine how well the stoves are being received with later surveys to evaluate other parameters such as stove durability. Later KPTs may be performed to evaluate whether the fuel savings have remained the same and if other factors have had a positive or negative influence on the stove's long term acceptability.

4. For meaningful results:
   • Households should be selected from approximately the same economic level. This will reduce variation and permit more reliable interpretation of the results.
   • Participating families should use fuelwood for at least 90% of their household cooking needs.
   • A minimum of five participating households is essential. Depending on the expected difference in fuel use between the two stoves tested, a larger number of households may be necessary (See Table 1 below).

   Table 1
   Minimum number of households necessary in the KPT relative to expected differences in fuel use
   Expected percent difference in fuel use	Minimum number of households*
   10	54
   20	14
   30	7
   40	5
   *Corresponds to COV = 0.4; 10% level of significance

5. For the purposes of this test the "standard adult" will be defined according to a simplified version of the widely used League of Nations formula as shown in Table 2. (Guidelines for Woodfuel Surveys. F.A.O, Keith Openshaw.)

   Table 2
   "Standard adult" defined in terms of sex and age
   Sex and age	Fraction of standard adult
   Child, 0-14 years	0.5
   Female, over 14 years	0.8
   Male, 15-59 years	1.0
   Male, over 59 years	0.8

6. Other information gathered for each family may include:
   • the number and type of any other stove(s) used regularly (for making tea, heating water, cooking manioc, etc.);
   • the major activity of the head of the household (a possible indication of family economic level);
   • easily observable indicators of social or economic status;
   • use for fuelwood other than cooking food; and
   • tribal or cultural affiliation
7. It is recommended that no more fuel be in the inventory area than is likely to be consumed during the one-week test period. If much more fuel is stored than will be used, define a smaller inventory area from which all fuel for the test can be taken. Stress to household members that only wood from the small area be used during the test, and that if more wood is needed, the investigator needs to be present when it is added to the pile. The number of visits the investigator must make to the household to weigh the wood will depend on the size and adequacy of the initial inventory.
8. The recommended seven consecutive day test period recognises that many family activities are conducted according to a weekly routine. Seven days is the shortest time likely to include market days, work days, and any weekly religious observances in their proper proportion. It often happens that the person conducting the test is unwilling to work on the day of weekly religious observance. In such a case, advance provision should be made for a substitute on that day. Note that a seven day test usually requires eight days of measurement (see Data and Calculating Reporting Form below). Similarly, if only a five day test is planned, measurement will he taken for six days.

Conclusions

The KPT is the most complicated test described in these guidelines in a logistic sense. The Procedural Notes indicate several types of factors that influence the per capita fuel consumption for cooking in a community. At this moment the extent of influences is unclear we therefore can do no more than urge the user of this test procedure to exercise a great deal of caution. A long term programme of stove introduction is a prerequisite for undertaking the Kitchen Performance Test.

The following is excerpted from a consultant report on the Community Forestry Development Project in Nepal. It provides an example of a training programme and the rationale behind its development.

Training and extension

The organizational structure called for a comprehensive training and extension programme which would standardize production, installation and maintenance of the ceramic insert stoves throughout Nepal.

Separate courses and programmes have been developed for all the four parties involved in the production, dissemination and use of the stoves. They are the

1. producers,
2. promoters,
3. installers, and
4. users.

The training and extension programmes developed so far follow to a large extent some of the basic premises on field level training used in the forestry component of the project. They are:

1. the project has been established to serve the rural people of Nepal and field staff should carefully listen to their needs;
2. the quality of work determines the success and acceptability of the programme, whether they are trees or stoves;
3. the technical and functional knowledge about stoves should be spread as much as possible to the grassroots level, both to the individual households and at panchayat level.

Separate training courses had to be designed so as to suit each group's particular task and relation to HMG. They are described in Field Document No.9, "Training Course for Stove Promoters, Stove Installers and Stove Producers of Ceramic Insert Stoves in Nepal." Their positions are as follows:

1. stove producers - Small cottage industries of traditional potters;
2. stove installers - Panchayat level workers who install the stoves on a piece-work basis;
3. stove promoters - HMG staff, responsible for the overall administration and follow-up.

Stove Producers

The main objective in the training of the stove producers is to make them completely familiar with the special requirements of ceramic insert stoves. Depending on which location the stoves are being made in this may be relatively easy or very difficult. For example, in many parts of Nepal the pottery wheel is not in use and training in its use may be needed before the actual training in stove production starts. Particular attention has to be given to the quality of the clay and how to make it suitable for the production of thermal resistant stoves.

The great advantage of the Nepal stove design is that the efficiency of the stove is determined by the degree of accuracy with which they are made by the potters. If all the components are properly made, even a mediocre stove installer cannot affect the efficiency of the stove unless the chimney is incorrectly installed. However, if the baffle is placed with the wrong slope or the chimney pipes are of too small a diameter, even the best stove installer cannot make the stove work properly. A five-day training course for stove producers has been developed, which consists of at least 75% practical work.

The lessons follow a certain sequence. They begin by explaining why the new type of stove can be more efficient and how it works. The participants then examine stoves that are well built and well installed and stoves that are poorly built and poorly installed. This is to emphasize the need for quality control. They are then taught how stoves are developed and tested at RECAST.

The emphasis of the practical work is placed on "learning by doing". No certificate should be issued until the potters makes accurate stoves. They should also be encouraged to examine how they can improve the quality of the clay mixes as well as ensuring quality control.

The course ends with information on administrative issues, e.g., ordering, payment, etc. The basic features of the training course are shown below.

Training course for stove producers

Stove Installers

Stove installers are usually recruited from the panchayats where the stoves are being installed. This ensures that local knowledge about the stoves is retained in the panchayat for future support with repairs, replacement and maintenance. The training of the stove installers should therefore also be relevant to the on-going post-installation activities of the installer. So far three training courses have been held. The principle objectives of the stove installers training are to ensure that the installers can:

1. correctly install the insert stove;
2. maintain and repair the stove.

Secondary objectives are to teach the installers about: