Ara |
A local liquor made from maize |
Borang |
Forest land |
Chimi |
Elected members of the National Assembly |
Chushing |
Wetland |
Chunidom |
Form of obligatory labour for public works |
Dasho |
Title granted by His Majesty the King to |
Dungpa |
distinguished citizens, usually civil servants Head of a subdivision of district |
Dzongdag |
District administrator |
Dzongkhag |
District |
Gewog |
A district is divided into several blocks; one block |
Gungdawola |
is a gewog Form of labour for self-help programme |
Gup |
Block headman |
Kamshing |
Rain-fed cropland (also referred to as "dry land") |
Mesungpa |
Traditional fire specialist for burning shifting cultivation land |
Pangshing |
Land that is cultivated once every four or five years |
Soira |
Gift from His Majesty |
Taungya |
A system of agroforestry developed in Kenya |
Tsheri |
Land for shifting cultivation |
Wogma |
Deputy district administrator |
The currency unit is the Ngultrum (Nu.). It is tied to the Indian Rupee.
Exchange rate in 1986 |
Exchange rate in 1993 |
US$ = Nu. 12.60 |
US$ = Nu. 30.85 |
Nu. = US $.079 |
Nu. = US $.032 |
BHU |
Basic Health Unit |
DAH |
Department of Animal Husbandry |
DOA |
Department of Agriculture |
DOF |
Department of Forests |
DYT |
Dzongkhag Yargye Tshogchung (District Development Committee) |
FAO |
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
GDP |
Gross Domestic Product |
GNP |
Gross National Product |
ha |
Hectare |
IFAD |
International Fund for Agriculture Development |
LSU |
Livestock Unit |
MHA |
Ministry of Home Affairs |
MOA |
Ministry of Agriculture |
Nu. |
Ngultrum (the currency of Bhutan, which is at par with Indian Rupee) |
NGO |
Non-Governmental Organization |
RCSC |
Royal Civil Service Commission |
RGOB |
Royal Government of Bhutan |
UN |
United Nations |
UNDP |
United Nations Development Programme |
Acres International Limited. 1985. Agriculture and Irrigation Planning Project. Main Report Vol.1. Report prepared for the Asian Development Bank and the Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu.
Central Statistics Office. 1986. Statistical Handbook of Bhutan. Central Statistics Office, Planning Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu.
Department of Animal Husbandry. 1986. Livestock Census of Bhutan. Department of Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu. (unpublished mimeograph)
Department of Animal Husbandry. 1986. Pasture Policy for Livestock Priority Areas During the Sixth Plan. Departmental Policy Paper. Department of Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu. (unpublished mimeograph)
Department of Forests. 1988. Progress Report, Fifth Plan. Registry Documents. Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu. (unpublished)
Department of Forests. 1987. Forest Area and Resources Data. Departmental Diary. Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu.
Department of Forests. 1985. Draft National Forest Policy of Bhutan. Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu. (unpublished mimeograph)
Department of Forests. 1985. Procedure for the Allotment of Forest Land. Departmental Official Notification. Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu. (unpublished mimeograph)
Department of Forests. 1984. Conversion of Tsheri Land to Alternative Land Use. Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu. (unpublished mimeograph)
Department of Forestry. 1974. National Forest Policy of Bhutan. Department of Forestry, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu.
Department of Forestry. 1969. The Bhutan Forest Act. Department of Forestry, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu.
Food and Agriculture Organization. 1986. Watershed Management in Asia and the Pacific: Needs and Opportunities for Action. Study report of the project on problems of watershed management in Asia and the Pacific. FAO, Rome.
Food and Agriculture Organization. 1985. Changes in Shifting Cultivation in Africa: Seven Case Studies. Forestry Paper 50/1. FAO, Rome.
Food and Agriculture Organization. 1984. Improved Production Systems as an Alternative to Shifting Cultivation. Soils Bulletin No. 53. FAO, Rome.
Harwood R.R. 1979. Small Farm Development, Understanding and Improving Farming Systems in the Humid Tropics. Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado.
High Court. 1979. Land Act of Bhutan. High Court, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu. Hudson, N. 1971. Soil Conservation. Cornell University Press, New York.
Huntings Technical Services Pvt. Ltd. 1987. Watershed Management Planning. Report prepared for the Manpower Development and Training Project. Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu.
Ministry of Home Affairs. 1987. Sixth Five Year Plan - Pema Gatshel District. Registry Documents. Ministry of Home Afairs, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu. (unpublished)
MPW Rural Development Pvt. Ltd. 1986. Highland Livestock Development Project - Preparation Report. Prepared for the Asian Development Bank and Department of Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu.
National Assembly Secretariat. 1993. Proceedings and Resolutions Adopted During the 72nd Session of the National Assembly held from 8 - 30 July, 1993. pp. 144-150. Registry Documents. National Assembly Secretariat, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu. (unpublished)
Negi, G.S. 1983. Report on Remote Sensing (Bhutan), Land Use and Vegetation Mapping.
Prepared for Royal Government of Bhutan, United Nations Development Programme and Food and Agriculture Organization under FAO/UNDP Project BHU/75/007.
Pre-Investment Survey of Forests (Government of India). 1980. Report on Pre-Investment Survey of Forest Resources in Bhutan. Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Dehradun.
Roder, W. 1982. Bhutan Journal of Animal Husbandry, Vol. 5. Department of Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu. Quoted by MPW Rural Development Pvt. Ltd. in Highland Livestock Development Project Preparation Report.
Sheng T.C. 1971. A Treatment Oriented Land Capability Classification Scheme (for Hilly and Marginal Lands in the Humid Tropics). Paper presented at "Latin American Watershed Management Seminar" La Plata, Argentina 22 November - 16 December.
World Bank. 1.983. Bhutan: Development in a Himalayan Kingdom. Report No.4307 - BHU. Washington, D.C.